* Existing systems
** Hepburn
*** Tables
    Entries marked with an asterisk (*) are irregular.
    Entries marked with two asterisks (**) are ambiguous as to the kana they represent.

**** Gožùuon
| o      | e  | u      | i      | a  |    |
|--------+----+--------+--------+----+----|
| o      | e  | u      | i      | a  | Ø  |
| ko     | ke | ku     | ki     | ka | k  |
| go     | ge | gu     | gi     | ga | g  |
| so     | se | su     | shi*   | sa | s  |
| zo     | ze | zu**   | ji* ** | za | z  |
| to     | te | tsu*   | chi*   | ta | t  |
| do     | de | zu* ** | ji* ** | da | d  |
| no     | ne | nu     | ni     | na | n  |
| ho     | he | fu*    | hi     | ha | h  |
| po     | pe | pu     | pi     | pa | p  |
| bo     | be | bu     | bi     | ba | b  |
| mo     | me | mu     | mi     | ma | m  |
| yo     |    | yu     |        | ya | y  |
| ro     | re | ru     | ri     | ra | r  |
| wo     | we |        | wi     | wa | w  |
|--------+----+--------+--------+----+----|
| n/n'/m |    |        |        |    | n' |

**** Yòuon
| yo   | yu   | ya   |    |
|------+------+------+----|
| kyo  | kyu  | kya  | ki |
| gyo  | gyu  | gya  | gi |
| sho  | shu  | sha  | si |
| jo** | ju** | ja** | zi |
| cho  | chu  | cha  | ti |
| jo** | ju** | ja** | di |
| nyo  | nyu  | nya  | ni |
| hyo  | hyu  | hya  | hi |
| pyo  | pyu  | pya  | pi |
| byo  | byu  | bya  | bi |
| myo  | myu  | mya  | mi |
| ryo  | ryu  | rya  | ri |

**** Extended/Foreign
| o  | e    | u  | i  | a  |   |
|----+------+----+----+----+---|
| vo | ve   | vu | vi | va | v |
|    |      |    | si |    | s |
|    |      |    | zi |    | z |
|    | she  |    |    |    | š |
|    | je** |    |    |    | ž |
|    |      | tu | ti |    | t |
|    |      | du | di |    | d |
|    | che  |    |    |    | ť |
|    | je** |    |    |    | ď |
|    |      | hu |    |    | h |
| fo | fe   |    | fi | fa | ꜧ |

*** Defining features
**** Attempts to aid the pronunciation of English-speakers by approximating differences from the stable consonants using English sounds.
**** Uses macrons for long vowels.

*** Flaws
**** English-biased.
**** Creates apparent grammatical irregularity.
**** Does not relate irregular kana to their rows (e.g. ‘chi’ does not indicate its relationship to the t- row)
**** Introduces ambiguity not seen in kana spelling: ži/ďi, oo/ou.
**** The English sounds used to approximate the unstable consonants are actually further away from the real sound than the stable consonants they replace.
**** Fails to distinguish pitch-accent pairs.
**** Does not standardise extended/foreign sequences; ambiguity results from e.g. wi vs. ẇi.


** Kunrei/Nihon
*** Tables

**** Gožùuon
| o      | e  | u  | i  | a  |    |
|--------+----+----+----+----+----|
| o      | e  | u  | i  | a  | Ø  |
| ko     | ke | ku | ki | ka | k  |
| go     | ge | gu | gi | ga | g  |
| so     | se | su | si | sa | s  |
| zo     | ze | zu | zi | za | z  |
| to     | te | tu | ti | ta | t  |
| do     | de | du | di | da | d  |
| no     | ne | nu | ni | na | n  |
| ho     | he | hu | hi | ha | h  |
| po     | pe | pu | pi | pa | p  |
| bo     | be | bu | bi | ba | b  |
| mo     | me | mu | mi | ma | m  |
| yo     |    | yu |    | ya | y  |
| ro     | re | ru | ri | ra | r  |
| wo     | we |    | wi | wa | w  |
|--------+----+----+----+----+----|
| n/n'   |    |    |    |    | n' |

**** Yòuon
| yo  | yu  | ya  |    |
|-----+-----+-----+----|
| kyo | kyu | kya | ki |
| gyo | gyu | gya | gi |
| syo | syu | sya | si |
| zyo | zyu | zya | zi |
| tyo | tyu | tya | ti |
| dyo | dyu | dya | di |
| nyo | nyu | nya | ni |
| hyo | hyu | hya | hi |
| pyo | pyu | pya | pi |
| byo | byu | bya | bi |
| myo | myu | mya | mi |
| ryo | ryu | rya | ri |

**** Extended/Foreign
| o  | e   | u  | i  | a  |   |
|----+-----+----+----+----+---|
| vo | ve  | vu | vi | va | v |
|    |     |    |    |    | s |
|    |     |    |    |    | z |
|    | sye |    |    |    | š |
|    | zye |    |    |    | ž |
|    |     |    |    |    | t |
|    |     |    |    |    | d |
|    | tye |    |    |    | ť |
|    | dye |    |    |    | ď |
|    |     |    |    |    | h |
|    |     |    |    |    | ꜧ |

*** Defining features
**** Aims to preserve the regularity of kana with no ambiguity.
**** Uses circumflexes for long vowels.

*** Flaws
**** Does not indicate irregular pronunciations at all.
**** Introduces ambiguity not seen in kana spelling: oo/ou.
**** Fails to distinguish pitch-accent pairs.
**** Has very few extended/foreign sequences, and makes assigning them difficult (e.g. ꜧa cannot be written ‘ha’ by analogue with ‘hu’ because ‘ha’ is ha)

** JSL

** Wa-puro


* Proposed system
** Table
| N\ | w  | r  | y  | m  | b  | p  | h   | n  | d   | t   | z   | s   | g  | k  | Ø | v  | u         | i  |
| n' | wa | ra | ya | ma | ba | pa | ha  | na | da  | ta  | za  | sa  | ga | ka | a | va | ẇa (うぁ) | ẏa |
|    | wi | ri |    | mi | bi | pi | hi  | ni | ďi* | ťi* | ži* | ši* | gi | ki | i | vi | ẇi (うぃ) | ẏi |
|    | wu | ru | yu | mu | bu | pu | ꜧu* | nu | ɗu* | ƭu* | zu  | su  | gu | ku | u | vu | ẇu (うぅ) | ẏu |
|    | we | re |    | me | be | pe | he  | ne | de  | te  | ze  | se  | ge | ke | e | ve | ẇe (うぇ) | ẏe |
|    | wo | ro | yo | mo | bo | po | ho  | no | do  | to  | zo  | so  | go | ko | o | vo | ẇo (うぉ) | ẏo |

** Features
*** n' is always n' regardless of position (ZÀBON', oǹ'pu, hon'yàku)

*** Long vowels:
**** Macron for katakana with ťouon (APĀTO, PĀTĪ, but EIZU, OOUNAGI)
**** Normal spelling otherwise (ooi, oosaka, sòuai)
**** Diæresis when no assimilation occurs (omòü, òü)

*** Tone drop:
**** Grave accent on vowel or n

*** Katakana:
**** Caps

*** Irregularities:
**** Written as per kana (ha, he) -- UNHAPPY

*** ASCII rendition:
**** caron becomes following j (sji, tji, dji, djuu)
**** upper hook becomes following s/z (tsu, dzu)
**** lower hook becomes \ (h\u)
**** diæresis becomes hyphen (o`-u)
**** grave accent becomes following backtick (so`uai)
**** macron becomes following underscore (apa_to) -- UNHAPPY